Biostatistics & Study Design USMLE Step 1 Practice Question
A cohort study follows 82 year old adults with severe aortic stenosis to estimate time to hospitalization for heart failure. Many participants die from noncardiac causes before they could ever experience heart failure hospitalization. Which concept most directly explains why ordinary survival methods may overestimate the cumulative incidence of hospitalization if these deaths are ignored?
Answer choices
- AConfounding by indication
- BRecall bias
- CLead time bias
- DBerkson bias
- ECompeting risksCorrect answer
- FImmortal time bias
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